![]() Our analysis included neutralizing antibodies, spike-specific IgG, memory B-cells, IFN-γ and IL-2 secreting T-cells and sequencing of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Vaccine-induced responses were compared to home-isolated COVID-19 patients (n=183, median 47 years). Home-dwelling old (n=100, median 86 years) and younger adults (n=449, median 38 years) were vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine at 3-week intervals and followed for 9-months. We comprehensively analyzed the durability of humoral and cellular immune responses after BNT162b2 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection in elderly and younger adults. Given the anticipated endemic circulation of SARS-CoV-2, continued monitoring and assessment of household transmission is necessary.Įlderly are an understudied, high-risk group vulnerable to severe COVID-19. Evidence indicated that asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 index cases also have a lower SAR than those with symptoms and that younger children may have a lower SAR than adolescents (>12 years old) within household settings.Ĭonclusions SARS-CoV-2 secondary transmission from paediatric index cases ranged from 0% to 75%, within household settings between January 2020 and January 2022, with differences noted by age and by symptomatic/asymptomatic status of the index case. Overall, the SAR ranged from 13% to 75% in 15 studies, while there was no evidence of secondary transmission from children to other household members in one study. Results Of 1819 studies originally identified, 19 met the inclusion criteria. Thus, the study population was restricted to humans within the household setting in Europe (population), in contact with paediatric index cases 1–17 years old (exposure) that led to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 reported as either an SAR or the probability of onward infection (outcome). ![]() The inclusion criteria were based on the Population, Exposure, Outcome framework for systematic reviews. Methods This literature review assessed European-based studies published in Medline and Embase between January 2020 and January 2022 that assessed the secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within household settings. ![]() Objectives This systematic review aims to identify the secondary attack rates (SAR) to adults and other children when children are the index cases within household settings. The geometric mean titres (GMT) are noted above the graphs for each column, and indicated by a horizontal line. Clinical symptoms are plotted against symptoms (n = 73 in "Yes", n = 8 in "No" in d-F and RT-PCR results (n = 28 in "Positive", n = 16 for "Negative" and n = 37 in "NA" in G-I). Spike-specific IgG (A, D, G), microneutralisation (B, E, H) and virus neutralisation (C, F, I) titres from all seropositive household members. Household members with spike-specific IgG endpoint titre 100 were defined as seropositive, and were divided into 10-year age cohorts (A-C), clinical symptoms of COVID-19 illness (D-F) and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (G-I). The positive samples from screening RBD IgG ELISA (OD>0.555) were confirmed by spike ELISA, microneutralisation and virus neutralisation assays with live virus hCoV-19/Norway/Bergen-01/2020 (GISAID accession ID EPI_ISL_541,970) in a certified Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory. Sera from all household members were tested against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein by screening ELISA. Only symptomatic household members were tested by RT-PCR depending on the testing capacity at the centralized testing centre, therefore results are not available (NA) from all subjects. Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 illness and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results were collected from household members at the time of recruitment, blood samples were collected 6À8 weeks later. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in seropositive household members.
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