![]() We focused on a single type of HC, the H3 cell, in the zebrafish retina that makes a stereotypic pattern of connections with cone photoreceptors, synapsing with ultraviolet and blue, but not red or green, cones 7, 8. Retinal horizontal cells (HCs) in general regulate glutamate transmitter release from photoreceptors 4, 5, 6. Here we took advantage of the intrinsic regenerative capacity of zebrafish to track the reassembly of neuronal circuits in vivo. In particular, it is unclear whether neurons that survive in a perturbed network maintain specificity in their synaptic partner choices, and are able to recapture their original wiring pattern upon circuit reassembly. In contrast, our understanding of how well neuronal circuits are able to recreate their unique connectivity patterns after disease or injury remains scarce. Studies across diverse model organisms have uncovered many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that shape such specificity in connectivity during development 1, 2, 3. Further, we postulate that signals from the major input that shape the H3 HC’s wiring pattern during development persist to restrict miswiring after damage.Ĭircuits across the nervous system are highly complex, comprising stereotypic numbers of convergent and divergent connections between multiple, but specific pre- and postsynaptic cell types. Thus, cues directing synapse specificity can be maintained following input loss, but only within a limited time period. But, if regeneration is delayed or absent, blue-cone synaptogenesis increases and ectopic synapses are made with red and green cones. Instead, H3 dendrites retract and re-extend to contact new ultraviolet cones. Upon ablation of the major (ultraviolet) input, H3 HCs do not immediately increase connectivity with other cone types. H3 horizontal cells (HCs) normally avoid red and green cones, and prefer ultraviolet over blue cones. Taking advantage of the regenerative capacity of zebrafish retina, we show here the remarkable specificity by which surviving neurons reassemble their connectivity upon regeneration of their major input. Combat is a mix of skill, tactics, and preparation – an expertly piloted fighter can take down an enemy fleet, but having a well balanced arsenal helps.Whether neurons can restore their original connectivity patterns during circuit repair is unclear. Defend yourself with shields, armor, point defense systems, and pure maneuverability. Wield a wide variety of projectile and beam weapons, missiles, rockets and torpedoes, deployable drones, and more against your enemies. AI ships can retreat if overwhelmed, scavenge for resources, investigate disturbances, self repair, reproduce, and generally behave as artificial lifeforms rather than target dummies. Take advantage of impromptu battles between rival factions to recover objectives, or run away after your opponent calls in reinforcements. ![]() ![]() Procedurally generated open living world full of many different types of AI spaceships, space stations, and synthetic plants, each intent on self perpetuation. Automatic ship repair and a user friendly designer with features like copy & paste and undo allows complex designs with minimal effort. Block by block destruction encourages you to build redundant systems and protect your most vital parts. Thruster placement and mass distribution define the dynamics of your ship, so different designs feel very different to fly. Build your entire ship out of pieces, LEGO style.
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